Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil free essay sample

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize banana oil (isopentyl acetate. ) Ester are often prepared by the Fischer esterification method, which involves heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. Theory: Synthesize isopentyl acetate by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and sulfuric acid and then heating the reaction mixture under reflux for an hour. The alcohol is the limiting reactant, so it should be weighed/ the acids can be measured by volume. The esterification reaction is reversible, and it has an equilibrium constant of approximately 4. 2. A pure component can be obtained from a mixture by separating it from all other components of the mixture, using procedures that take advantage of differences in solubility, boiling points, acid-base properties, and other characteristics of the components. Because isopentyl acetate is a liquid, the separation and purification operations will differ from those used previously for solid products. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The water that forms during the reaction will be separated from the ester along with the wash liquids. Any traces of water that remain are then removed by a drying agent, either magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate. Because isopentyl alcohol has a lower boiling point than that of isopentyl acetate, and the by-products have higher boiling points, it should be possible- in principle- to remove the alcohol and by-products from the ester by distillation. Isopentyl alcohol should distill first, followed by the ester, and any by-products should remain behind in the pot-the vessel in which the reaction mixture is boiled. Reaction: Reaction: Acetic acid + isopentyl alcohol isopentyl acetate + water 17 mL150 mmol Weigh 150 mmol of isopentyl alcohol into a round bottom flask of appropriate size, and add boiling chips. Under a hood, add 17 mL of glacial acetic acid, and then carefully mix in 1. 0 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid while stirring. Connect a West condenser to the reaction flask, turn on the cooling water, start the stirrer, and heat the reaction mixture under reflux for one hour after boiling begins. Reflux apparatus When the reaction time is up, allow the reaction mixture to cool to about room temperature. Turn off the cooling water and remove the reflux condenser. Transfer the reaction mixture to a separatory funnel. Leaving the boiling chips behind, and washes the mixture with 50 mL of water. Drain the aqueous layer, and leave the organic layer in the separatory funnel. Then carefully wash the organic layer with two successive portion of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, draining the aqueous layer after each washing. During the first washing, stir the layers until gas evolution subsides before you stopper the separatory funnel, and vent it frequently thereafter. Dry the crude isopentyl acetate with anhydrous magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate, and filter I by gravity. Using standard-taper glassware, assemble an apparatus for standard scale simple distillation. Be sure the thermometer is straight up as shown in the picture below. Distill the crude product, collecting any liquid that distills between 137oC and 143oC. Record the actual boiling range. Wait until the entire thermometer bulb is moist with condensing vapors, liquid is distilling into the receiver, and the temperature is stable. The final weight obtained of the product is 4. 28 g because the reactant, both have one to one mole, and the percentage yield of the product is 32. 4%. Discussion/Conlusion: Isopentyl acetate was achieved through the method implemented in this experiment. With the use of isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid under the reaction method help to obtain the predicted product. One one this experiment could be developed is to specific precise amount of each compound need to be used in the reaction in order to obtain a better yield of the product. Procedure required circumspect handling while synthesizing, the sources of the errors that caused the discrepancy may have been from washing and drying the product. A few part of the organic layer might have been removed in the process of removing the aqueous layer, water and sodium bicarbonate. Too much anhydrous sodium sulfate might have been added because the procedure was not specific as to what quantity should be added. Exercise

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organised set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. It refers to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours consistently exhibited by an individual over time that strongly influence our expectations, self-perceptions, values and attitudes, and predicts our reactions to people, problems and stress. The study of personality therefore has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. Humanistic and Psychoanalytical theory can be seen as two main dispositional perspectives derived through the field of Psychology. Psychoanalytic theory explains human behaviour in terms of the interaction of various components of personality for example the id, ego, and super-ego and believes that personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three components. In contrast to humanistic psychology it is emphasised that people have free will and that they play an active role in determining how they behave. Accordingly, humanistic theory focuses on subjective experiences of a person as opposed to forced, definitive factors that determine behaviour. With this fundamental difference in mind this essay will therefore compare and contrast psychoanalytical and humanistic traditions in terms of their application to counselling and psychotherapy, looking categorically at the shifts and changes within both traditions and therefore how both are used within today’s society. Psychoanalytic theory was an extremely influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. It focused on understanding of the unconscious motivations that drive behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness (Freud and Breuer 1955 [1893-5]) Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behaviour. Based on his observations, he developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behaviour and through free associations, dreams or fantasies; clients can learn how to interpret deeply buried unconscious memories or experiences that may be causing them distress. (Freud, 1924d) He believed that neurosis stemmed from early sexual traumas and therefore his ‘hysterical’ female patients had been subjected to pre-pubescent ‘seduction’- that is, in most cases, sexual abuse by the father, reprocessed memories of such assaults later surfaced, he concluded, in otherwise baffling hysterical symptoms. Freud spent a number of years developing this theory until 1896 when he finally went public with his findings. The next year however he confessed ‘I no longer believe in my ‘neurotica’- the seduction theory. By then Freud, deep in richly autobiographical dreams and self analysis, had convinced himself that his patients’ seduction stories were fantasies, originating not in the perverse deeds of the adults but in the erotic wishes of infants. The collapse of the seduction theory therefore brought about the idea of infantile sexuality and without the abandonment of the seduction theory, psychoanalysis as a theoretical stru cture built upon unconscious desires and there repossessions would not exist today. However to explain this decisive switch remains hotly contested in the world of counselling and psychotherapy. Orthodox Freudians, notable Freud’s disciple and biographer Ernest Jones, have cast it as the ‘Eureka-moment’ in which he saw the light. Some critics allege, by contrast, a loss of nerve, and hold that it was the abandonment of the seduction theory that was his error, perhaps even a ‘betrayal’ both of psycho-sexual truth and of his patients. If they had indeed been sexually abused, their stories were now discounted, as were those of future patients on the couch. However I personally believe the Freud’s seduction theory has a lot to account for, as there are many trauma related psychosis found in today’s society that are primarily related to rape and sexual abuse (Gerald, 1998). As already mentioned Freud’s work was both controversial and inspiring to many therefore his followers and competitors went on to expand upon his ideas to develop theories of their own. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson (also a psychoanalyst) believed that personality develops in a series of stages but with dissimilarity to Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development and therefore was greatly influential to the humanistic movement (Erikson, 1997). Thus there are many threads and interconnection within these formulations of psychoanalytic thinking also known as Neo- Freudianism, which credit its roots in the work of Otto Rank and Karen Horne. It is their research amongst others that can now be categorised into three main modality of humanistic therapy; Gestalt, Transactional Analysis and Person Centred Theory. Humanistic therapy therefore began as a reaction to psychoanalytical theory and derives from ‘humanistic psychology’ a term which originally flagged up a concern about dehumanisation within the therapeutic relationship. The approach therefore claimed to be more humane, warmer and relational then psychoanalytical traditions. It was coined the ‘third wave’ movement (Maslow, 1962) and many humanistic pioneers believed that they were forming a revolutionary movement which overturned the orthodoxies of the past which dominated psychology at the time. It appeared in the USA in 1940s and 1950s becoming more defined at the Old Saybrook Conference of 1964 (Bugental, 1965) where many of the best know figures came together. They agreed that topics such as self-actualization, creativity and individuality were the central theme of this new approach and in 1961, the American Association for Humanistic Psychology was officially established. Humanist thinkers felt that psychoanalysis was preoccupied with psychology as a form of science, failing to take into consideration the role of personal choice. Alternatively, movements and waves could be seen as cultural and artistic and there is a strong link between humanistic therapy and creative expression. It was instead focused on each individuals potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. Therefore the fundamental belief of humanistic theory is that people are innately good and that psychological problems result from deviations from this natural tendency (Maslow, 1943).

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH - Essay Example This is explained by the events preceding his maladaptive behavior. He is still morning his wife, who has recently passed on, and this situation leave him vulnerable to drugs and substance use. His social exclusion can aslo be explained by the fact that he has not worked for almost 30 years. As a result, he may have lost friends, especially due to his drinking problem. However, one of the main problems is that Jim lacks strong social bond. He is socially excluded; hence, he cannot share his emotional status with anyone. Due to post-traumatic stress disorder, Jim has become callous to social events and even forgotten about his personal grooming. Social exclusion has been associated with impaired self-regulation and cognition the victims become lonely, and can succumb to self-defeating behaviour (Taylor, 2007). This may include excessive drinking, become unhygiene, and even use illegal drugs. Social exclusion is conceptualized as lack of strong social bonds. The social ties are created with either one’s spouse, family members or friends. However, due to personality issues, a number of people do not have a large social capital or a circle of friends. Unlike most women who keep large circles of friends and strong relationships, men have less or no close friends (Taylor, 2007). women on the other hand use the established social bonds to express their negative emotions, hence may not experience health problems emanating from psychological triggers. Social exclusion, leads to feelings of isolation, loneliness, and estrangement. People are social being, and they thrive well in social interactions. If they cannot form strong social bonds, they are most likely to engage in self-defeating behavior such as excessive drinking. In Jim’s case, it is clear that he is experiencing social exclusion. However, Jim’s scenario can be understood by looking at the events that precede his current behavior. Death is a traumatizing event that can lead to depression and other

David Bowie and Performativity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

David Bowie and Performativity - Research Paper Example This paper aims to analyze a song by David Bowie using Butler’s theory of gender performance. The essay aims at developing an argument referring to David Bowie’s song titled â€Å"Rebel, Rebel† from his album Diamond Dogs. The argument is going to be based on how the song represents gender, sexuality and identity. It is also going to analyze how Bowie challenges narratives of authentic identity. Bowie’s ways of troubling gender and sexuality as stable, readable, and expressive categories are also going to be addressed. According to Butler, gender is not based on a stable identity but an identity that is constitutively created through time and molded through repetition (Leonard 134). This repetition of deeds has a set of meanings that are already established in society. Gender reality is a product of performativity, which means that its degree of realness is measured by the extent of the performance. In this context, some acts are interpreted as an expression of gender identity. These acts can either conform to the expected cultural norms or contradict these norms. The song â€Å"Rebel, Rebel† by David Bowie is about a boy who went against his parent’s wishes and started wearing girl’s clothes and make up. Additionally, in the same album, there is a song titled â€Å"Walk on the Wild Side† about a transvestite. ... In all the live stage performances of this song, Bowie is dressed in outrageous feminine clothes. This aspect of staging artistic shows where the established distinction between genders was overlooked led to the emergence of Glam. Glam is a controversial stage performance and presentation of artistry that incorporates gender-bending techniques (Leonard 150). It also included the depiction of drag queens and personalities in different levels of conveying the underlying undertones in their performances. Bowie appearing in drag as Ziggy Stardust portrays this in the song. The song â€Å"Rebel, Rebel† conveys the notion that gender is not a static phenomenon as exhibited by the glam and drag modes of staging live artistic shows. The song tries to establish the fact that gender is a state that is achieved through change in behavioral mannerisms rather than a static set inbuilt qualities. According to Judith Butler, gender is an achievable state that is acquired through practice and repetition. Unlike common belief that a person is born into a specified and predetermined gender dictated by their biological sex, gender is perceived as a cultural dictate. This means that at one point in time, the human society decided to assign status to people. There was no other better way to do this than create a distinction between male and female roles. This spawned what is today referred to as gender. The society then designed roles that were assigned specific acts or behavior patterns that acted as a measure of gender. The song by Bowie seeks to depict gender as something that is not tangible but an idea that is held by people. Through repetition, as described by Butler, the notion of gender is realised through performativity. This is in the

Moscow Dynamo Football Essay Example for Free

Moscow Dynamo Football Essay Many people would argue that sport helps bring people together and helps overcome divisions of race, nationality, class and religion. The Soviets drew upon this ideal in 1984 when they called the Moscow games, the friendship games. As well as bringing people together, sport can just as easily raise political consciousness and force people apart. The collective passion for Barcelona F.C is interlocked with politics, as is the connection between sport and nationalism in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Supporting this view, George Orwell comments on the visit of the Moscow Dynamo Football team to Britain in 1945, sport is an unfailing cause of ill-will andif such a visit has had any affect on Anglo-Soviet relations, it could only be to make them slightly worse than before. (Atyeo, 1979, P.372) Governments have been known to use major sporting events to try and divert the attention of the masses away from certain political and social problems that country might be encountering as well as trying to improve their national image. For example, in the nine months leading up to the Moscow Olympics, drunks, hooligans and dissidents were rounded up and headed out of Moscow to try to prevent any sort of dissent, which could mar their public relations. Certain groups use the prominence of sport, which has been increased in recent years thanks to sport becoming a global television spectacle, to make a political point. In most cases, the choice of sport to make the political point is arbitrary, as it is the prominence of the sport in the public eye which is the critical factor. The 1972 Munich Olympics saw the killing of 10 Israeli athletes by eight armed Palestinian gunman, and the 1968 Mexico Olympics saw a protest by the student movement about the cost of hosting the games, which was a huge financial burden on the poor country, result in the army opening fire on the demonstration, killing 260 and injuring 1,000. Although politics does not only cite sport when dissidents intervene. There are a number of groups and individuals that have used sport and its prominent position in the public eye to raise political consciousness about what may be happening in that country. For example, the 2003 cricket world cup saw the wearing of a black armband by two of Zimbabwes players in protest against the Mugabe regime. The two players, Henry Olonga, the first black man to play for his country, and Andy Flower, in most cricket fans opinion, Zimbabwes greatest ever player, were almost universally praised for their dignified statement about the human rights abuses in their homeland. Ian Chappell, former captain of Australias cricket team and one of the many who applaud Flower and Olonga for their brave stance commented that; you realise when you go through life that there are occasions when you have a louder voice. If theres something youre moved about, thats the time to speak out for those who do not have a louder voice. The World Cup also saw the boycott by England of their opening match in the competition against Zimbabwe, for which they first cited moral, political and security concerns, then changed it to concerns about player safety as the reason for boycotting the game. A decision they might have latter regretted as the points gained for winning that match would have taken them into the super-six stage of the competition and maybe further. Theyre many people who believe that England made the right decision in boycotting this match, but there are also people who did not. David Coltart, who believes that politics has no place in sport, puts forward some arguments for going ahead with the match. He comments, paradoxically, holding the matches in Zimbabwe opens up a tiny piece of democratic space for those fighting tyranny. He also notes if no further matches take place (in Zimbabwe), there will be no further reason for the regime to behave better. Kate Hoey, writing for Sky Sports online, who disagreed with Coltart, argues that the match shouldnt have been played because the message that will be sent out worldwide is that Zimbabwe is a normal functioning country, which is patently untrue. She feels sport and politics must unite against the Mugabe regime and thus the England team needed to pull out of the match to raise worldwide awareness about the human rights abuses dictator Mugabe is undergoing. This view coincides with Ian Chappells view about the need to speak out for those without a louder voice. It is not only the players who sometimes feel the need to tackle political issues, the broad fact is that sports bodies on occasion have to confront inter-state political issues. (Allison, 1983, P.33) This was no more evident when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) excluded South Africa from the Olympic movement, not because of governmental pressure, but because the social and economic system in South Africa does not allow sport to be practiced there in accordance with the IOCs own rules as laid down in the Olympic Charter. The Welsh Hockey associations decision to not send a team to Argentina in 1985 because of the ill feeling that could still have been left over after the Falklands War is another example of a sporting body taking into account political situations before making a decision. There are so many examples of sport being influenced by politics over the years and so much theoretical evidence linking the two to say sport can remain uninfluenced by politics and politicians. Whether or not sport should remain uninfluenced by politics is of much wider debate. Events in Zimbabwe have highlighted many peoples opinions that sport and everyone involved in it has a responsibility to make sure important political issues such as the Mugabe regime are not ignored and that something is done to try and resolve them. But whatever view you may have on whether it is right for sport to get involved with politics, it becomes apparent that sport and politics cannot be mutually isolated (Allison. 1983, P.29) however much the sports enthusiast would wish them to be. Bibliography Books  Allison,L. The Politics of Sport, (Manchester University Press, 1983)  Whannel, G. Blowing the Whistle: The Politics of Sport, (Pluto, 1986)  Houlihan, B. The Government and Politics of Sport, ( Routledge, 1991)  Lapchick, R, E. The Politics and Race of International Sport, (Greenwood Press, 1975)  Voy, R. Drugs, Sport and Politics, (Leisure Press, 1991)  Atyeo, D. Blood, Guts and Violence, (Paddington Press, 1979)

Unequal But Not Separate :: Essays Papers

Unequal But Not Separate Enemy fire whizzes by, hitting the walls around behind me. The spent shells are scattered at my feet. The smell of death and gunpowder tantalizes my nose. In the distance I can hear the chopper hovering. All I can do is pray that it reaches us in time. Enemy fire begins again. I am lost in the smoke and confusion. Then Private Jackson falls to the ground behind me. He has been hit. Now his life is entrusted to me. The chopper is now hovering across the field about 100 yards away. I tuck my gun away and reach down to grab him. I try to put him over my shoulder, but I can’t lift him. I start to drag him toward the chopper. I struggle for about 25 yards. The pilot is waving me on, motioning me to hurry. I don’t have the strength. I can’t go any farther. The chopper has to go, it can’t wait any longer. I am alone with Private Jackson looking up at me in disbelief, knowing it is my fault we will both be dead in a matter of minutes. The military, the nation an d Private Jackson all had trusted me to make it and I had failed. Trust. It is the bond that holds our great military together. When this trust is broken our nation, as a whole will suffer the consequences. A soldier must have complete faith that his fellow soldiers, both male and female, will do their job so that he can focus on his. But what happens when double standards are employed for female soldiers? Can one expect a male soldier to completely trust her ability to complete her tasks as a soldier? The soldier knows full well that his female comrade didn’t have to perform the necessary physical tasks to the same standards that he did. How can one have confidence in her abilities if her performance would have been unacceptable had she been a male? The thread of trust begins to unwind once a soldier question another’s abilities. That is why one uniform standard had been in place throughout history. A soldier knew that the every other soldier could perform tasks to the same standard that he had. They had a common trust that held the m together. Now, with gender norming, the double standards used to ensure women pass the physical tests, we put the trust that held our military together in jeopardy.

The concept of a polis

The polis was what they called the small, independent Greek city-states during the Classical period. It was a unique institution in that governance was not ruled by a monarchy as was usual with traditional states of the time, but a group of men who were either elected or chosen from among the nobility and later on, from among all free citizens. Membership was determined by birth although citizenship by naturalization was oftentimes admitted. Slaves, foreigners and women who live within the polis were not involved in government and not allowed to own land. In fact, slave labor was encouraged because they formed the backbone of the agricultural economy. The polis was usually bounded by walls and citadels and within was an agora or marketplace, the center of the city trade, and numerous temples. Most citizens live within but some members resided in the countryside. The modern-day equivalent of the polis would be any city in Western Europe or America. Like the classical polis, modern cities are political states, the citizens register with city hall or pays residential taxes, and there would be foreigners or residents coming from other places who would be subjected to the laws and regulations of the city. Its leaders are also elected or appointed. Unlike the polis, however, affiliation with a modern city is only political and not religious. Also, the hierarchies in modern cities are not ascribed by birth but by one's economic status. Most importantly, women and residents coming from other cities already have political rights and could even join in the government. There are open borders now instead of walled fortification between cities. Slavery has been banished and the basis of the economy has become as complex as the social structure of the city. Finally, although the city government can make its own ordinances and budget, the city itself is not dependent in that it is governed and part of a larger unit, the national government.